Preface xxvii

Acknowledgments xxxiii

Foreword xxxvii

Part 1 Water Reuse: An Introduction 1

1 Water Issues: Current Status and the Role of Water Reclamation and Reuse 3

Working Terminology 4

1-1 Definition of Terms 6

1-2 Principles of Sustainable Water Resources Management 6

The principle of sustainability 7

Working definitions of sustainability 7

Challenges for sustainability 7

Criteria for sustainable water resources management 7

Environmental ethics 13

1-3 Current and Potential Future Global Water Shortages 15

Impact of current and projected world population 15

Potential global water shortages 19

Water scarcity 19

Potential regional water shortages in the continental

United States 20

1-4 The Important Role of Water Reclamation and Reuse 23

Types of water reuse 24

Integrated water resources planning 24

Personnel needs/sustainable engineering 27

Treatment and technology needs 27

Infrastructure and planning issues 28

1-5 Water Reclamation and Reuse and Its Future 30

Implementation hurdles 31

Public support 31

Acceptance varies depending on opportunity and necessity 31

Public water supply from polluted water sources 31

Advances in water reclamation technologies 31

Challenges for water reclamation and reuse 32

Problems and Discussion Topics 32

References 33

2 Water Reuse: Past and Current Practices 37

Working Terminology 38

2-1 Evolution of Water Reclamation and Reuse 39

Historical development prior to 1960 39

Era of water reclamation and reuse in the United States-post-1960 41

2-2 Impact of State and Federal Statutes on Water Reclamation and Reuse 45

The Clean Water Act 45

The Safe Drinking Water Act 46

2-3 Water Reuse——Current Status in the United States 46

Withdrawal of water from surface and groundwater sources 46

Availability and reuse of treated wastewater 46

Milestone water reuse projects and research studies 47

2-4 Water Reuse in California: A Case Study 47

Experience with water reuse 47

Current water reuse status 48

Water reuse policies and recycling regulations 51

Potential future uses of reclaimed water 52

2-5 Water Reuse in Florida: A Case Study 53

Experience with water reuse 54

Current water reuse status 54

Water reuse policies and recycling regulations 56

Potential future uses of reclaimed water 56

2-6 Water Reuse in Other Parts of the World 58

Significant developments worldwide 58

The World Health Organization's water reuse guidelines 59

Water reuse in developing countries 59

2-7 Summary and Lessons Learned 63

Problems and Discussion Topics 65

References 66

Part 2 Health and Environmental Concerns in Water Reuse 71

3 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater and Related

Health and Environmental Issues 73

Working Terminology 74

3-1 Wastewater in Public Water Supplies-de facto Potable Reuse 77

Presence of treated wastewater in public water supplies 78

Impact of the presence of treated wastewater on public water supplies 78

3-2 Introduction to Waterborne Diseases and Health Issues 78

Important historical events 79

Waterborne disease 80

Etiology of waterborne disease 81

3-3 Waterborne Pathogenic Microorganisms 83

Terminology conventions for organisms 83

Log removal 83

Bacteria 83

Protozoa 87

Helminths 89

Viruses 89

3-4 Indicator Organisms 92

Characteristics of an ideal indicator organism 92

The coliform group bacteria 93

Bacteriophages 93

Other indicator organisms 94

3-5 Occurrence of Microbial Pathogens in Untreated and Treated Wastewater and in the Environment 94 Pathogens in untreated wastewater 94

Pathogens in treated wastewater 97

Pathogens in the environment 102

Survival of pathogenic organisms 102

3-6 Chemical Constituents in Untreated and Treated Wastewater 103

Chemical constituents in untreated wastewater 103

Constituents added through domestic commercial and industrial usage 104

Chemical constituents in treated wastewater 108

Formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs) 113

Comparison of treated wastewater to natural water 114

Use of surrogate parameters 115

3-7 Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater 117

Endocrine disruptors and pharmaceutically active chemicals 117

Some specific constituents with emerging concern 118

New and reemerging microorganisms 120

3-8 Environmental Issues 120

Effects on soils and plants 121

Effects on surface water and groundwater 121

Effects on ecosystems 121

Effects on development and land use 122

Problems and Discussion Topics 122

References 124

4 Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines 131

Working Terminology 132

4-l Understanding Regulatory Terminology 134

Standard and criterion 134

Standard versus criterion 134

Regulation 135

Difference between regulations and uidelines 135

Water reclamation and reuse 135

4-2 Development of Standards, Regulations,and Guidelines for Water Reuse 135

Basis for water quality standards 136

Development of water reuse regulations and guidelines 136

The regulatory process 139

4-3 General Regulatory Considerations Related to Water Reclamation and Reuse 139

Constituents and physical properties of concern in wastewater 139

Wastewater treatment and water quality considerations 142

Reclaimed water quality monitoring 145

Storage requirements 146

Reclaimed water application rates 147

Aerosols and windborne sprays 147

4-4 Regulatory Considerations for Specific Water Reuse Applications 149

Agricultural irrigation 149

Landscape irrigation 150

Dual distribution systems and in-building uses 151

Impoundments 152

Industrial uses 153

Other nonpotable uses 153

Groundwater recharge 154

4-5 Regulatory Considerations for Indirect Potable Reuse 155

Use of the most protected water source 155

Influence of the two water acts 155

Concerns for trace chemical constituents and pathogens 156

Assessment of health risks 157

4-6 State Water Reuse Regulations 157

Status of water reuse regulations and guidelines 158

Regulations and guidelines for specific reuse applications 158

Regulatory requirements for nonpotable uses of reclaimed water 165

State regulations for indirect potable reuse 167

4-7 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse 169

Disinfection requirements 169

Microbial limits 178

Control measures 178

Recommendations for indirect potable reuse 178

4-8 World Health Organization Guidelines for Water Reuse 179

1989 WHO guidelines for agriculture and aquaculture 180

The Stockholm framework 180

Disability adjusted life years 180

Concept of tolerable (acceptable)risk 181

Tolerable microbial risk in water 181

2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of astewater in agriculture 182

4-9 Future Directions in Regulations and Guidelines 184

Continuing development of state standards, regulations, and guidelines 184

Technical advances in treatment processes 184

Information needs 184

Problems and Discussion Topics 185

References 187

5 Health Risk Analysis in Water Reuse Applications 191

Working Terminology 192

5-1 Risk Analysis: An Overview 193

Historical development of risk assessment 194

Objectives and applications of human health risk assessment 194

Elements of risk analysis 194

Risk analysis: definitions and concepts 196

5-2 Health Risk Assessment 197

Hazard identification 198

Dose-response assessment 198

Dose-response models 200

Exposure assessment 204

Risk characterization 204

Comparison of human health and ecological risk assessment 205

5-3 Risk Management 205

5-4 Risk Communication 206

5-5 Tools and Methods Used in Risk Assessment 207

Concepts from public health 207

Concepts from epidemiology 208

Concepts from toxicology 209

National toxicology program cancer bioassay 213

Ecotoxicology: environmental effects 214

5-6 Chemical Risk Assessment 215

Safety and risk determination in regulation of chemical agents 215

Risks from potential nonthreshold toxicants 220

Risk considerations 224

Chemical risk assessment summary 225

5-7 Microbial Risk Assessment 225

Infectious disease paradigm for microbial risk assessment 225

Microbial risk assessment methods 227

Static microbial risk assessment models 227

Dynamic microbial risk assessment models 229

Selecting a microbial risk model 232

5-8 Application of Microbial Risk Assessment in Water Reuse Applications 234

Microbial risk assessment employing a static model 234

Microbial risk assessment employing dynamic models 239

Risk assessment for water reuse from enteric viruses 244

5-9 Limitations in Applying Risk Assessment to Water Reuse Applications 249

Relative nature of risk assessment 249

Inadequate consideration of secondary infections 249

Limited dose-response data 250

Problems and Discussion Topics 250

References 251

Part 3 Technologies and Systems for Water Reclamation and Reuse 255

Part 4 Water Reuse Applications 927

Part 5 Implementing Water Reuse 1379

Indexes2100433B

《水回用问题、技术与实践(套装全2册)》包括的重要主题如下：深入讨论了水再生和回用方面的实践应用，包括实际的案例研究；介绍了公众健康以及环境保护标准、法规和风险管理方面目前的问题及最新发展；全面评述了当前的先进处理技术、新的发展及未来的趋势；着重强调了工艺的可靠性和多重保障的概念；介绍了水回用系统中小型和分散处理设施；介绍了水回用项目开发中的规划和实施问题。内容涉及公众健康保护、水质标准和法规、先进技术及实施等问题。

废水回用，对废水进行适当处理,使其达到重新使用的水质标准后回用。通常废水经适当处理后,可用于冲厕、清扫路面、农业灌溉,以及用作景观和娱乐用水以及工业用水等。