出版说明

序

第

1章　车床概述 ···························· 1

1.1　概述 ·············································· 2

1.2　主轴箱 ··········································· 2

1.2.1　主轴 ········································ 2

1.2.2　变速箱

····································· 5

1.3　床身 ·············································· 5

1.4　溜板 ·············································· 5

1.4.1　床鞍 ········································ 5

1.4.2　丝杠和光杠

······························· 7

1.4.3　溜板箱

····································· 7

1.5　尾座 ·············································· 8

1.6　车床规格 ········································ 8

1.6.1　回转直径 ·································· 8

1.6.2　床身长度 ·································· 9

第

2章　车床上的工件夹紧和刀具

夹紧设备 ··························· 10

2.1　概述············································· 11

2.2　工件夹紧······································· 11

2.2.1　卡盘 ······································· 11

2.2.2　夹头 ·······································15

2.2.3　花盘 ·······································18

2.2.4　工件在两个顶尖之间夹紧·············18

2.2.5　心轴 ·······································22

2.2.6　工件的辅助支承方法···················23

2.3　刀具夹紧·······································25

2.3.1　摆杆式刀具夹紧·························25

2.3.2　快换式刀具夹紧·························26

2.3.3　可转位刀架

······························27

2.3.4　孔加工刀具夹紧·························28

第

3章　车床操作 ··························· 29

3.1　概述·············································30

3.2　背吃刀量、切削速度、进给量和加工工时

的计算·········································· 30

3.2.1　背吃刀量 ································· 30

3.2.2　切削速度 ································· 31

3.2.3　进给量

···································· 31

3.2.4　粗加工与精加工························· 31

3.2.5　加工工时的计算························· 32

3.3　通用车床操作安全事项 ····················· 32

3.4　端面车削和外圆车削 ························ 33

3.4.1　端面车削和外圆车削刀具············· 33

3.4.2　刀具的基本几何参数··················· 35

3.4.3　端面车削 ································· 41

3.4.4　外圆车削 ································· 46

3.4.5　轴肩车削 ································· 49

3.5　锉削与抛光 ···································· 54

3.6　中心孔钻与定点钻 ··························· 56

3.6.1　中心孔钻 ································· 56

3.6.2　定点钻

···································· 56

3.7　车床上的孔加工 ······························ 57

3.7.1　钻孔 ······································· 57

3.7.2　铰孔 ······································· 58

3.7.3　加工沉头孔和埋头孔··················· 58

3.7.4　镗孔 ······································· 58

3.7.5　加工内轴肩

······························ 60

3.8　使用丝锥和板牙加工螺纹 ·················· 61

3.9　成形加工 ······································· 61

3.10　切槽和切断 ·································· 62

3.11　滚花 ··········································· 64

第

4章　手动车螺纹 ························ 67

4.1　概述············································· 68

4.2　螺纹术语 ······································· 68

4.3　配合等级 ······································· 69

4.4　确定螺纹数据 ································· 70

4.4.1　外螺纹的螺纹大径······················ 70

#12;

4.4.2　内螺纹的螺纹小径······················ 70

4.4.3　刀架进给量

······························ 70

4.4.4　螺纹中径 ································· 72

4.5　在车床上加工螺纹 ··························· 72

4.6　车床的调整 ···································· 73

4.6.1　安装工件 ································· 73

4.6.2　调整进给箱

······························ 73

4.6.3　调整小滑板

······························ 74

4.6.4　调整主轴转速···························· 75

4.6.5　安装、调整刀具························· 75

4.7　车螺纹操作 ···································· 76

4.7.1　设置刀具的参考位置··················· 76

4.7.2　乱扣盘和开合螺母······················ 76

4.7.3　螺纹车刀的进刀与调位················ 77

4.7.4　螺纹收尾法

······························ 78

4.8　螺纹测量 ······································· 80

4.8.1　螺纹环规与塞规························· 80

4.8.2　螺纹千分尺

······························ 80

4.8.3　三线法

···································· 81

4.8.4　牙型测量 ································· 82

4.9　其他牙型 ······································· 82

4.9.1　梯形螺纹 ································· 82

4.9.2　圆锥管螺纹

······························ 82

4.9.3　锯齿形螺纹

······························ 83

第

5章　锥面车削 ··························· 84

5.1　概述············································· 85

5.2　典型锥面的尺寸标注法 ····················· 85

5.2.1　角度标注法

······························ 85

5.2.2　变化率标注法···························· 85

5.3　锥面尺寸和计算 ······························ 86

5.3.1　将

TPI或

TPF转化为角度尺寸 ······ 89

5.3.2　将角度尺寸转化为

TPI或

TPF ······· 89

5.4　锥面车削方法 ································· 90

5.4.1　宽刃切削法

······························ 90

5.4.2　转动小滑板法····························90

5.4.3　锥面靠模法

······························92

5.4.4　尾座偏移法

······························94

第

6章　数控加工基础 ····················· 97

6.1　概述·············································98

6.2　数控机床控制单元 ···························99

6.3　数控运动控制 ······························· 100

6.3.1　传动丝杠 ······························· 100

6.3.2　数控导轨 ······························· 100

6.3.3　伺服电动机

···························· 101

6.4　坐标系 ········································ 101

6.4.1　笛卡儿坐标系·························· 102

6.4.2　极坐标系 ······························· 103

6.5　定位系统 ····································· 103

6.5.1　绝对定位系统·························· 103

6.5.2　增量定位系统·························· 104

6.6　代码 ··········································· 104

6.6.1　G代码 ·································· 104

6.6.2　M代码 ·································· 105

6.6.3　其他字地址指令······················· 105

6.6.4　二进制代码

···························· 107

6.7　对话型编程 ·································· 107

6.8　数控程序的组成 ···························· 107

6.8.1　安全启动 ······························· 108

6.8.2　材料去除 ······························· 108

6.8.3　程序结尾 ······························· 109

第

7章　数控车削概述 ····················110

7.1　概述 ············································111

7.2　车床的类型 ·································· 113

7.2.1　转塔车床 ······························· 113

7.2.2　组合刀具车床·························· 113

7.2.3　数控车床 ······························· 114

7.2.4　瑞士车削中心·························· 114

#12;

7.3　刀具安装 ····································· 116

7.4　工件夹持 ····································· 121

7.4.1　工件夹持夹头·························· 121

7.4.2　工件夹持卡盘·························· 122

7.5　工艺策划 ····································· 122

第

8章　数控车削编程 ··················· 123

8.1　概述 ··········································· 124

8.2　车削的坐标定位 ···························· 124

8.3　车削运动的类型 ···························· 124

8.3.1　车削的快速移位——G0 ············· 124

8.3.2　车削的线性插补——G1 ············· 124

8.3.3　车削的圆弧插补——G2和

G3 ····· 125

8.4　无轴运动指令 ······························· 128

8.4.1　切削的主轴速度······················· 128

8.4.2　换刀指令 ······························· 129

8.4.3　顺序号

·································· 129

8.4.4　程序停止指令·························· 129

8.4.5　安全启动、主轴启动和

换刀

/刀具偏置指令的总结 ········ 129

8.5　加工操作 ····································· 130

8.5.1　冷却剂

M代码 ························ 130

8.5.2　端面车削 ······························· 130

8.5.3　钻孔操作 ······························· 130

8.5.4　直线车削 ······························· 131

8.5.5　带锥度车削

···························· 134

8.5.6　仿形车削 ······························· 134

8.5.7　粗加工

·································· 134

8.5.8　精加工

·································· 136

8.6　固定循环 ····································· 136

8.6.1　孔加工固定循环······················· 136

8.6.2　攻螺纹固定循环······················· 138

8.6.3　粗车和精车固定循环 ················· 140

8.6.4　车螺纹固定循环······················· 140

8.6.5　刀尖半径补偿·························· 143

第 9章　数控车削的设置与操作 ········ 148

9.1　机床控制面板 ······························· 149

9.2　工件夹紧设置 ······························· 150

9.3　机床坐标系和工件坐标系 ················ 153

9.4　工件偏移设置 ······························· 153

9.5　车削的切削刀具 ···························· 155

9.5.1　切削刀具的安装······················· 155

9.5.2　车削的切削刀具偏位 ················· 155

9.6　车削的程序入口 ···························· 158

9.7　车床的操作 ·································· 158

9.7.1　程序验证 ······························· 158

9.7.2　自动模式 ······························· 159